Results of a case-control study of the current effect of various factors of cervical cancer risk. 2. Contraceptive behavior and the smoking factor
Köhler, U.; Wuttke, P.
Zentralblatt für Gynakologie 116(7): 405-409
1994
ISSN/ISBN: 0044-4197 PMID: 7941806 Document Number: 434630
We considered in this study 309 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical carcinoma and 490 women without pathological changes in the cervical epithelium. The interviews was performed using a standardised questionnaire. The percentage of women who attended screening programmes for cervical carcinoma amounted to 83.5% for the study group and 81% for the control group. The relative risk (RR) for developing CIN or invasive cervical carcinoma increased with the use of hormonal contraceptives; the increase being statistically significant (RR = 3.5; p = 0.006). Moreover easy use of oral contraceptives (< 18 years, 18-20 years, 21-25 years vs > 25 years) and prolonged use of oral contraceptives were associated with a significant increased of the relative risk. In contrast, women who used IUD had a very low relative risk (RR = 0.6; p = 0.005). 54.5% of the patients in the study group and 41.6% of those in the control group were smokers. We observed that smoking increases the relative risk for cervical carcinoma or CIN (RR = 1.7; p = 0.01). The duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked were observed to increase the risk for cervical carcinoma, the increase being statistically significant.