Condom use prevents genital ulcers in women working as prostitutes. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Cameron, D.W.; Ngugi, E.N.; Ronald, A.R.; Simonsen, J.N.; Braddick, M.; Bosire, M.; Kimata, J.; Kamala, J.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.; Waiyaki, P.G.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 18(3): 188-191
1991
ISSN/ISBN: 0148-5717 PMID: 1948518 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199107000-00013Document Number: 316905
Counselors at a Nairobi City Commission Maternal/Child Health Clinic interviewed prostitutes in a certain residential area every 6 months between 1986-1988 about sexual practices and condom use. In addition, every 6 months, health workers examined the women on a demand basis free of charge, promoted condom use, provided condoms, informed then about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection, and took samples to test for STD and HIV status. Prostitutes were 3 times more likely to use condoms in 1987-1988 than 1986-1987, but the prevalence of genital ulcers remained basically the same (34% in 1986-1987 and 32% in 1987-1988). Hemophilus ducreyi was responsible for at least 80% of the genital ulcers. In 1987-1988, 35% of HIV-1 seropositive women had genital ulcers while only 14% of HIV-1 seronegative women did (p.01). In fact, genital ulcer prevalence increased significantly in HIV-1 seropositive women as the disease stage of HIV-1 advanced (27% of asymptomatic healthy women, 35% of women with generalized lymphadenopathy, and 46% of women with clinical HIV related disease; p.05). Thus this study suggested that the immunosuppressive traits of preexisting HIV infection negate any protective effect that condoms normally have against genital ulcers. Indeed the researchers proposed that a complex bidirectional epidemiologic and biologic interaction of HIV and H. ducreyi infection to be the basis of the HIV-1 epidemic in these women. In conclusion, strategies to curtail the transmission of HIV among heterosexuals should consists of programs which understand and change sexual behavior resulting in a decline in the contribution of prostitutes or other core groups to the HIV epidemic, condom use to prevent STD and HIV transmission, and control of genital ulcers in high frequency transmitters including prostitutes and clients.