Oral contraception and induced depressive states
Richou, H.; Hug, R.
Annales Medico-Psychologiques 2(1): 203-208
1974
ISSN/ISBN: 0003-4487 PMID: 4447285 Document Number: 503662
Cultural, psychological, and biochemical explanations for depression in users of oral contraceptives are discussed. The suppression of taboos against sexuality cannot be expected to bring about instant psychological adjustment, as shown by the large numbers of women who are afraid to take the pill or who develop psychosomatic disorders and depression. Incidence of depression as reported in the literature ranges from 5% to 45%. Some authors attribute psychogenic causes for depression associated with the pill, such as temporary castration, instant sexual liberation, or womens' undeniable maternal instinct. Others present evidence for biochemical causes of depression. General explanations for pill-related depression include imbalance of hypothalamic amines and consequently of releasing factor, prolactin-inhibiting factor, decreased brain serotonin due to inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase by progestagens, or diminished brain biogenic amines because of lowered pyridoxal levels. From clinical work with neuroleptic drugs it is known that drugs, stress, or anxiety can disturb the biochemical balance and result in amenorrhea. High progestin levels may be responsible for premenstrual anxiety and headaches.