Spinous process strength
Shepherd, D.E.; Leahy, J.C.; Mathias, K.J.; Wilkinson, S.J.; Hukins, D.W.
Spine 25(3): 319-323
2000
ISSN/ISBN: 0362-2436 PMID: 10703103 Document Number: 519263
Study Design: Mechanical testing of cadaveric lumbar spines and dual energy radiograph absorptiometry scanning were performed. Objectives: To devise a technique to measure the strength of lumbar spinous processes and to determine the bone mineral density of the vertebrae used. Summary of Background Data: The spinous process has been identified as the weakest part of the anatomy to which a flexible fixation device can be attached. It was unknown if the spinous processes could withstand the forces applied by the device. Methods: A hook was fitted to the spinous process of 32 lumbar vertebrae. A custom-built rig was designed to secure a vertebra to a materials testing machine. A loop of cord was passed over a bar mounted on the crosshead of the machine and around the two bollards of the hook. As the crosshead was raised, a tension was applied to the cord. Each vertebra was tested to failure. The bone mineral density of each vertebra was then measured using dual energy radiograph absorptiometry. Results: Failure of the specimens occurred by failure of the spinous process, pedicles, or vertebral body. The logarithm (base 10) of the load (N) at which failure occurred was 2.53 +- 0.3, which corresponded to a mean failure load of 339 N. The bone mineral density of each vertebral body varied between 0.263 and 0.997 g/cm2. A significant linear correlation was found between bone strength and bone mineral density (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Specimens with a bone mineral density in the range of 0.263-0.997 g/cm2 failed at a mean load of 339 N when the load was applied through the spinous process hook of a flexible fixation device.