Torsion in quadrupeds and its impact on mammalian joints
Turner, A.S.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 302: 11-16
1994
ISSN/ISBN: 0009-921X PMID: 8168286 Document Number: 424589
Congenital and acquired torsion occur in the limbs of domestic animals. Congenital abnormalities are of clinical significance in foals; they are also seen in calves whose dams have ingested certain toxic plants that contain teratogenic agents. Acquired torsional deformities are most common in foals, but are also observed in adult horses, dogs, and llamas. Acquired rotational deformities are almost always associated with angular limb deformities. The clinical consequence of torsional deformities is the early development of degenerative joint disease.