Barrier contraceptives, spermicides, and periodic abstinence
Connell, E.B.
Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3(4): 477-481
1991
ISSN/ISBN: 1040-872X PMID: 1878503 DOI: 10.1097/00001703-199108000-00003Document Number: 357777
Concerns about preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases as well as pregnancy have led to a renewed interest in barrier contraception and spermicides. Although the condom has received greatest emphasis, data suggest that the use of a female barrier method such as the diaphragm and sponge may be even more effective; for adolescent females, at highest risk, combined use of barrier and oral contraception may be indicated. Given the documented low acceptability of the condom among groups at greatest risk and a lack of knowledge about its proper use, interest has focused on female condoms that cover the entire vagina, cervix, part of the female perineum, and the base of the penis. Spermicides enhance the effectiveness of barrier contraceptives, and new approaches--including use of neem oil and in vitro cobaltous ions--are under development. Finally, research is underway to enhance the effectiveness of various forms of periodic abstinence and ovulation detection techniques. Promising appears to be the supplemental use of a barrier method at the time of presumed ovulation.