The association between smoking and female infertility as influenced by cause of the infertility
Phipps, W.R.; Cramer, D.W.; Schiff, I.; Belisle, S.; Stillman, R.; Albrecht, B.; Gibson, M.; Berger, M.J.; Wilson, E.
Fertility and Sterility 48(3): 377-382
1987
ISSN/ISBN: 0015-0282 PMID: 3114008 Document Number: 351385
Smoking histories were compared in 901 women with infertility of different types and 1264 women admitted for delivery at seven collaborating hospitals. The relative risk for infertility associated with cigarette smoking prior to the infertility diagnosis for nulliparous cases or first live birth for controls was calculated using a multivariate logistic-regression model to control for potential confounding factors, including center, age, religion, education, number of sexual partners, and contraceptive use. The adjusted risk for infertility attributed primarily to cervical factor (n = 96) was 1.7 (P = 0.04), to tubal disease unrelated to endometriosis (n = 225) was 1.6 (P = 0.009), to ovulatory factor (n = 389) was 1.0 (not significant [NS]), and to endometriosis (n = 191) was 0.9 (NS). The authors conclude that cigarette smoking is significantly associated only with certain types of primary female infertility.