Cerebral hemodynamics and functional prognosis in hydrocephalus
Hirai, O.; Nishikawa, M.; Watanabe, S.; Yamakawa, H.; Kinoshita, Y.; Uno, A.; Handa, H.
No Shinkei Geka. Neurological Surgery 17(11): 1015-1021
1989
ISSN/ISBN: 0301-2603 PMID: 2594151 Document Number: 327558
The functional outcome of cerebral hemodynamics in the chronic stage of juvenile hydrocephalus was determined using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Five patients including three with aqueductal stenosis, one with post-meningitic hydrocephalus, and one case with hydrocephalus having developed after repair of a huge occipital encephalocele. Early images of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were obtained 25 minutes after intravenous injection of 123-I-Iodoamphetamine (IMP), and late images were scanned 3 hours later. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) was also measured using 99mTc in three patients. Twenty cases with adult communicating hydrocephalus were also investigated from the point of view of shunt effectiveness. Although there was no remarkable change in the cerebrovascular bed in the juvenile cases, CBF of the remnant brain parenchyma was good irrespective of the degree of ventricular dilatation. There was a periventricular-reduced IMP uptake in each case, however it somehow matched the ventricular span. Functional outcome one to 23 years after the initial shunt operation was good in every case, despite multiple shunt revisions. Redistribution on late images had no bearing on clinical states. In adult cases, 8 patients with effective shunting demonstrated a relatively localized periventricular low perfusion, with preoperative increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. On the contrary, 12 patients with no improvement with or without shunting showed disproportionatly widespread periventricular-reduced IMP uptake, despite low CSF pressure. The present study indicates that periventricular hemodynamics may play an important role in cerebral function compromised by hydrocephalus. Reduction of CBF caused by an impairment of CSF dynamics alone is relatively mild since the pressure gradient and the tissue distortion effect only the vicinity of the ventricule, as verified in experimental studies. Adequate shunting procedure, therefore, can improve hemodynamics by reducing intraventricular pressure. Reserved cerebral circulation in the rest of the brain correlates well with the good prognosis irrespective of the ventricular size. Widespread periventricular low perfusion disproportionate to its ventricular size, and without increased CSF pressure, however, may be suggestive of primary parenchymal damage, and the ventricular dilatation might be caused by an atrophic process of the periventricular tissue. In such cases as the latter, shunt operation may not bring clinical improvement.