AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: the epidemiology of heterosexual transmission and the prospects for prevention
Hunter, D.J.
Epidemiology 4(1): 63-72
1993
ISSN/ISBN: 1044-3983 PMID: 8420583 DOI: 10.2307/3702986Document Number: 327135
A great deal has been learned over the past 2 decades about the distribution and determinants of AIDS and HIV in sub Saharan Africa. An estimated 6 million people, 2.5% of the adult population, are infected with HIV in the region. A World Health Organization model estimates 10 million will be infected in the region by 1994, and that Africa South of the Sahara, in which less than 9% of the world's population resides, will account for 60% of the global prevalence of HIV. This increase is projected despite recently observed increases in HIV prevalence in some parts of India and Thailand. The demographic, economic, and social impact of this widespread and growing infection will be staggering. Great variation in prevalence exists between countries and regions in Africa. It may be said, however, that the epidemic is mostly concentrated in large towns and cities, except for Uganda and western Tanzania where HIV is more disseminated. Peak HIV prevalence is found among those aged 15-45 years, with prevalence being comparatively higher among women. HIV has been transmitted in 80% of cases as a result of heterosexual activity; perinatal and blood transfusions each account for about 10% of cases. The characteristics of sexual networks especially determine the extent and rate of spread. Specifically, female sex workers and male clients are at high risk for infection and have been instrumental in starting the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. These men with multiple sex partners then transmit HIV to women in the general population. The presence of other sexually transmitted diseases and the lack of male circumcision may increase the probability of HIV transmission during sex and are probably partially responsible for the rapid diffusion of HIV in the region. Preventive interventions are needed among high risk groups and within the general population. Epidemiologic, behavioral, operational, and evaluation research are needed in order to design and implement programs which are most appropriate and effective in changing behavior.