Learning cities in East Asia: Japan, the Republic of Korea and China
Han, S.; Makino, A.
International Review of Education 59(4): 443-468
2013
ISSN/ISBN: 0020-8566 Document Number: 254893
Lifelong learning cities emerged in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s; in the Republic of Korea in the 2000s and 2010s; and in China mostly from 2000 onwards. They were a countermeasure to the increasing challenges of global as well as post-industrial uncertainties at the turn of the century, when cities were trying to find governmental instruments to engage in cultural processes, community building and personal development as the new way of urban life. Learning was perceived to be a panacea to solve the social problems occurring in overwhelming processes of modernisation and industrialisation.