Developmental view of the origination of limb malformations. II
Seichert, V.; Kacírková, J.; Jelínek, R.
Folia Morphologica 32(4): 415-423
1984
ISSN/ISBN: 0015-5640 PMID: 6519598 Document Number: 228832
Teratogenic effect of sodium-citrate on chick embryos was used to reveal the morphogenetic pattern of the development of both malformed and normal limbs. Considering the external morphology 3 essential types of limb malformations were observed. A reduction of extremities ranging from amelia and spike-like projections of the body wall to mild diminutions of limbs or their parts. This type was accompanied with the syndrome of caudal regression. An absence of parts or limb segments (even amelias), preceded by formation of the blister-like structures, localized mostly subectodermally. Atypical peripheral outgrowths, either flat, web-like or finger-like projections (mostly in autopodium). This type is supposed to be causally associated with histological findings of the irregular differences in thickness of ectoderm resembling the segmentation of the apical ectodermal ridge known from the normal development of digital rays. Limb malformations associated with the syndrome of caudal regression are considered as independent of the malformations of spinal cord. Both are caused by the disturbance of the one and the same system only.