The impact of orphanhood on food security in the high-HIV context of Blantyre, Malawi
Rivers, J.; Mason, J.B.; Rose, D.D.; Eisele, T.P.; Gillespie, S.; Mahy, M.; Monasch, R.
Food and Nutrition Bulletin 31(3 Suppl): S264-S271
2010
ISSN/ISBN: 0379-5721 PMID: 21049847 DOI: 10.1177/15648265100313s305Document Number: 224621
We examined the relationship between the size of vocal fold nodules and perceptual rating of voice quality in children. We carried out an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study in a voice clinic within a tertiary-care pediatric medical center. We studied children seen between 2000 and 2009 with a primary diagnosis of vocal fold nodules as the cause of their voice disturbance. Pediatric vocal fold nodule size was rated with a published validated scale, and voice quality was rated on the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice scale. One hundred forty-five patients met the inclusion criteria. Small nodules were noted in 23% of patients, medium nodules in 39%, and large nodules in 37%. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between vocal fold nodule size and rated perceptual qualities of overall severity of voice disturbance, roughness, strain, pitch, and loudness. With the exception of loudness, as vocal fold nodule size increased, the mean value of perceptual characteristics became larger. The age of the patient was a significant factor associated with the overall severity of the voice disturbance and roughness. The overall severity of a child's voice disturbance and qualities of roughness, strain, pitch, and loudness have a strong correlational relationship with pediatric vocal fold nodule size, which is suggestive of causality.